Peptide name : Gamma-terpinene synthase

Source/Organism : Cretan thyme

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 597

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Not found

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Not specified

Assay time : Not found

Activity : Not found

Cell line : Not found

Cancer type : Not found

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 69181.8821 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.913

Instability index : 33.7007

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -0.274

Isoelectric point : 5.1134

Charge (pH 7) : -21.4138

Aromaticity : 0.122

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (108180, 108555)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 0.90415335

hydrophobic moment : -0.117

Missing amino acid : None

Most occurring amino acid : L

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 68

Least occurring amino acid : n

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 1

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.3, 0.2, 0.4)

SMILES Notation: 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1 : Kulkarni SA, et al. Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Mol Struct. 2020; 1221:128823. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128823

2 : Javed H, et al. Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19. Front Plant Sci. 2020; 11:601335. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601335

3 : Zengin Kurt B, et al. Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling studies of novel carvacrol-substituted amide derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020; 38:841-859. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1590243

4 : Salehi B, et al. Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother Res. 2018; 32:1688-1706. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6109

5 : Yadalam PK, et al. Antiviral Essential Oil Components Against SARS-CoV-2 in Pre-procedural Mouth Rinses for Dental Settings During COVID-19: A Computational Study. Front Chem. 2021; 9:642026. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.642026

6 : Wang K, et al. Synthesis and antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters with heteroaromatic carboxylic acids. Nat Prod Res. 2019; 33:1924-1930. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1480618

7 : Kumar A, et al. Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-19 using molecular modeling approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021; 39:3760-3770. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1772112

Paper title : Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128823

Abstract : COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a global pandemic. Intense efforts are ongoing to find a vaccine or a drug to control the disease across the globe. Meanwhile, alternative therapies are also being explored to manage the disease. Phytochemicals present in essential oils are promising candidates which have been known to possess wide range of therapeutic activities. In this study, major components of several essential oils which are known for their antimicrobial properties have been docked against the S1 receptor binding domain of the spike (S) glycoprotein, which is the key target for novel antiviral drugs, to ascertain their inhibitory effects based on their binding affinities. It has been found that some monoterpenes, terpenoid phenols and phenyl propanoids such as anethole, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, geraniol, cinnamyl acetate, L-4-terpineol, thymol and pulegone from essential oils extracted from plants belonging to families such as Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Apiaceae, Geraniaceae and Fabaceae are effective antiviral agents that have potential to inhibit the viral spikeprotein.

Paper title : Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.601335

Abstract : The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019, resulting in the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses are solely accountable for rising mortality and socioeconomic saddles. Presently, there are few repurposed drugs such as remdesivir or favipiravir approved for the treatment of COVID-19, although vaccines and plasma therapy is also subject to emergency approval. However, some potential natural treatments and cures have also been proposed. Molecules of natural origin showed therapeutic importance such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, and could be useful drug candidates for treating COVID-19. In recent years, essential oils have shown promising therapeutic effects against many viral diseases. Carvacrol is one of the monoterpene phenol with abundant presence in essential oils of many aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. It is being used as food flavoring, additive, and preservatives. Carvacrol is also used as a fragrance in cosmetic products. A number of research studies have shown biological actions of carvacrol with its therapeutic potential is of clinical significance. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown multiple pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective, and spasmolytic. This review highlights the various biological and pharmacological properties of carvacrol within the scope of COVID-19.

Paper title : Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling studies of novel carvacrol-substituted amide derivatives.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1590243

Abstract : In the present study, 23 novel carvacrol derivatives involving the amide moiety as a linker between the alkyl chains and/or the heterocycle nucleus were synthesized and tested in vitro as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitors. 2-(5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenoxy)-N-(quinolin-8-yl)acetamide (5v) revealed the highest inhibition properties against AChE and BuChE with the IC₅₀ values of 1.93 and 0.05 µM, respectively. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of the potent inhibitor (5v) was also assessed by the widely used parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA-BBB). The results showed that 5v is capable of crossing the BBB. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of the studied molecule predictions were investigated by MetaCore/MetaDrug comprehensive systems biology analysis suite. Bioactive conformations of the synthesized molecules, their predicted binding energies as well as structural and dynamical profiles of molecules at the binding pockets of AChE and BuChE targets were also investigated using different docking algorithms and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Paper title : Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6109

Abstract : Thymol is a naturally occurring phenol monoterpene derivative of cymene and isomer of carvacrol. Thymol (10-64%) is one of the major constituent of essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. This plant, native to Mediterranean regions, is commonly used as a culinary herb and also with a long history of use for different medicinal purposes. Nowadays, thymol and thyme present a wide range of functional possibilities in pharmacy, food, and cosmetic industry. The interest in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals based on thymol is due to several studies that have evaluated the potential therapeutic uses of this compound for the treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as a potential as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator. In the present review, these bioactivities have been covered because some of them can contribute to explain the ethnopharmacology of thymol and its main source, T. vulgaris. Other important aspects about thymol are discussed: its toxicity and bioavailability, metabolism, and distribution in animals and humans.

Paper title : Antiviral Essential Oil Components Against SARS-CoV-2 in Pre-procedural Mouth Rinses for Dental Settings During COVID-19: A Computational Study.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.642026

Abstract : COVID-19 mainly spreads through cough or sneeze droplets produced by an infected person. The viral particles are mostly present in the oral cavity. The risk of contracting COVID-19 is high in the dental profession due to the nature of procedures involved that produce aerosols. Along with other measures to limit the risk of infection, pre-procedural mouth rinses are beneficial in reducing the viral particles in the oral cavity. In this study, the antiviral efficacy of essential oil components has been determined specifically against SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking and conceptual DFT approach. Based on the binding affinities of the components against the receptor binding domain of the S1 glycoprotein, cuminal, carvacrol, myrtanol, and pinocarveol were found to be highly active. The molecular descriptor values obtained through conceptual DFT also indicated the above-mentioned components to be active based on the correlation between the structure and the activity of the compounds. Therefore, pre-procedural mouth rinses with these components included may be specifically suitable for dental procedures during the COVID-19 period.

Paper title : Synthesis and antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters with heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1480618

Abstract : Aiming to obtain the more effective pathogen inhibitive ingredients and explore the influence of introducing different heterocyclic units to carvacrol and thymol esters, twenty ester derivatives with different heterocyclic units were synthesized. And the in vitro antifungal activity of title compounds against five plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated by mycelium growth rate method. The results showed that some carvacrol and thymol esters showed good to excellent antifungal activity, and compound 9d (4-bromo-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl picolinate) exhibited a broad antifungal spectrum. Preliminary study indicated that the introduction of furan, thiophene and pyridine unit could enhance the antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters against Botrytis cinerea and a bromine atom on the para position of benzene moiety could enhance their antifungal activity.

Paper title : Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-19 using molecular modeling approaches.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772112

Abstract : Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel corona virus that causes corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 rapidly spread across the nations with high mortality rate even as very little is known to contain the virus at present. In the current study, we report novel natural metabolites namely, ursolic acid, carvacrol and oleanolic acid as the potential inhibitors against main protease (Mpro) of COVID-19 by using integrated molecular modeling approaches. From a combination of molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, we found three ligands bound to protease during 50 ns of MD simulations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanic/generalized/Born/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/G/P/BSA) free energy calculations showed that these chemical molecules have stable and favourable energies causing strong binding with binding site of Mpro protein. All these three molecules, namely, ursolic acid, carvacrol and oleanolic acid, have passed the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) property as well as Lipinski's rule of five. The study provides a basic foundation and suggests that the three phytochemicals, viz. ursolic acid, carvacrol and oleanolic acid could serve as potential inhibitors in regulating the Mpro protein's function and controlling viral replication. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.