Peptide name : Geranylgeranyl transferase type-1 subunit beta

Source/Organism : Rat

Linear/Cyclic : Cyclic

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 377

C-terminal modification: Cyclic

N-terminal modification : Free

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Not specified

Assay time : Not found

Activity : Not found

Cell line : Not found

Cancer type : Not found

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 42413.7565 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.791

Instability index : 42.7008

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -0.307

Isoelectric point : 6.2187

Charge (pH 7) : -3.7223

Aromaticity : 0.095

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (53860, 54735)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 0.97382199

hydrophobic moment : -0.020

Missing amino acid : None

Most occurring amino acid : L

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 41

Least occurring amino acid : W

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 6

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.2, 0.3, 0.3)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=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1 : Reid TS, et al. Crystallographic analysis reveals that anticancer clinical candidate L-778,123 inhibits protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I by different binding modes. Biochemistry. 2004; 43:9000-8. doi: 10.1021/bi049280b

2 : Reid TS, et al. Crystallographic analysis of CaaX prenyltransferases complexed with substrates defines rules of protein substrate selectivity. J Mol Biol. 2004; 343:417-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.056

3 : Taylor JS, et al. Structure of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I. EMBO J. 2003; 22:5963-74. doi: 10.1093/emboj/cdg571

4 : Zhang FL, et al. cDNA cloning and expression of rat and human protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269:3175-80.

Paper title : Crystallographic analysis reveals that anticancer clinical candidate L-778,123 inhibits protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I by different binding modes.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1021/bi049280b

Abstract : Many signal transduction proteins that control growth, differentiation, and transformation, including Ras GTPase family members, require the covalent attachment of a lipid group by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) or protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (GGTase-I) for proper function and for the transforming activity of oncogenic mutants. FTase inhibitors are a new class of potential cancer therapeutics under evaluation in human clinical trials. Here, we present crystal structures of the clinical candidate L-778,123 complexed with mammalian FTase and complexed with the related GGTase-I enzyme. Although FTase and GGTase-I have very similar active sites, L-778,123 adopts different binding modes in the two enzymes; in FTase, L-778,123 is competitive with the protein substrate, whereas in GGTase-I, L-778,123 is competitive with the lipid substrate and inhibitor binding is synergized by tetrahedral anions. A comparison of these complexes reveals that small differences in protein structure can dramatically affect inhibitor binding and selectivity. These structures should facilitate the design of more specific inhibitors toward FTase or GGTase-I. Finally, the binding of a drug and anion together could be applicable for developing new classes of inhibitors.

Paper title : Crystallographic analysis of CaaX prenyltransferases complexed with substrates defines rules of protein substrate selectivity.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.056

Abstract : Post-translational modifications are essential for the proper function of many proteins in the cell. The attachment of an isoprenoid lipid (a process termed prenylation) by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) is essential for the function of many signal transduction proteins involved in growth, differentiation, and oncogenesis. FTase and GGTase-I (also called the CaaX prenyltransferases) recognize protein substrates with a C-terminal tetrapeptide recognition motif called the Ca1a2X box. These enzymes possess distinct but overlapping protein substrate specificity that is determined primarily by the sequence identity of the Ca1a2X motif. To determine how the identity of the Ca1a2X motif residues and sequence upstream of this motif affect substrate binding, we have solved crystal structures of FTase and GGTase-I complexed with a total of eight cognate and cross-reactive substrate peptides, including those derived from the C termini of the oncoproteins K-Ras4B, H-Ras and TC21. These structures suggest that all peptide substrates adopt a common binding mode in the FTase and GGTase-I active site. Unexpectedly, while the X residue of the Ca1a2X motif binds in the same location for all GGTase-I substrates, the X residue of FTase substrates can bind in one of two different sites. Together, these structures outline a series of rules that govern substrate peptide selectivity; these rules were utilized to classify known protein substrates of CaaX prenyltransferases and to generate a list of hypothetical substrates within the human genome.

Paper title : Structure of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdg571

Abstract : Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (GGTase-I), one of two CaaX prenyltransferases, is an essential enzyme in eukaryotes. GGTase-I catalyzes C-terminal lipidation of >100 proteins, including many GTP- binding regulatory proteins. We present the first structural information for mammalian GGTase-I, including a series of substrate and product complexes that delineate the path of the chemical reaction. These structures reveal that all protein prenyltransferases share a common reaction mechanism and identify specific residues that play a dominant role in determining prenyl group specificity. This hypothesis was confirmed by converting farnesyltransferase (15-C prenyl substrate) into GGTase-I (20-C prenyl substrate) with a single point mutation. GGTase-I discriminates against farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) at the product turnover step through the inability of a 15-C FPP to displace the 20-C prenyl-peptide product. Understanding these key features of specificity is expected to contribute to optimization of anti-cancer and anti-parasite drugs.

Paper title : cDNA cloning and expression of rat and human protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I.

Doi : https://doi.org/Not available

Abstract : Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (GGTase-I) transfers a geranylgeranyl group to the cysteine residue of candidate proteins containing a carboxyl-terminal CAAX (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic amino acid; X, any amino acid) motif in which the "X" residue is leucine. The enzyme is composed of a 48-kilodalton alpha subunit and a 43-kilodalton beta subunit. Peptides isolated from the alpha subunit of GGTase-I were shown to be identical with the alpha subunit of a related enzyme, protein farnesyltransferase. Overlapping cDNA clones containing the complete coding sequence for the beta subunit of GGTase-I were obtained from rat and human cDNA libraries. The cDNA clones from both species each predicted a protein of 377 amino acids with molecular masses of 42.4 kilodaltons (human) and 42.5 kilodaltons (rat). Amino acid sequence comparison suggests that the protein encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene CDC43 is the yeast counterpart of the mammalian GGTase-I beta subunit. Co-expression of the GGTase-I beta subunit cDNA together with the alpha subunit of protein farnesyltransferase in Escherichia coli produced recombinant GGTase-I with electrophoretic and enzymatic properties indistinguishable from native GGTase-I.