Peptide name : Histidine-rich glycoprotein

Source/Organism : Human

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 525

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Not found

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Antibody-based assay

Assay time : 48h

Activity : Not found

Cell line : HaCat

Cancer type : Not specified

Other activity : Anti-angiogenic activity

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 59577.6275 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.534

Instability index : 49.9452

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -0.956

Isoelectric point : 7.0942

Charge (pH 7) : 1.1657

Aromaticity : 0.074

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (27390, 28390)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 0.86170212

hydrophobic moment : -0.054

Missing amino acid : None

Most occurring amino acid : H

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 66

Least occurring amino acid : W

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 2

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.2, 0.3, 0.2)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H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)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C

1 : Jones AL, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate via its N-terminal domain following Zn2+ chelation. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279:30114-22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M401996200

2 : Morgan WT. Human serum histidine-rich glycoprotein. I. Interactions with heme, metal ions and organic ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978; 535:319-33. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90098-3

3 : Juarez JC, et al. Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein has potent antiangiogenic activity mediated through the histidine-proline-rich domain. Cancer Res. 2002; 62:5344-50.

4 : MacQuarrie JL, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds factor XIIa with high affinity and inhibits contact-initiated coagulation. Blood. 2011; 117:4134-41. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-290551

5 : Jancsó A, et al. Probing the Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) binding affinity of histidine-rich glycoprotein. J Inorg Biochem. 2009; 103:1634-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.09.002

6 : Shigekiyo T, et al. HRG Tokushima: molecular and cellular characterization of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) deficiency. Blood. 1998; 91:128-33.

7 : Gerhard DS, et al. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004; 14:2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504

8 : Koide T, et al. Amino acid sequence of human histidine-rich glycoprotein derived from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. Biochemistry. 1986; 25:2220-5. doi: 10.1021/bi00356a055

9 : Ohta T, et al. High affinity interaction between histidine-rich glycoprotein and the cell surface type ATP synthase on T-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1788:1099-107. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.005

10 : Poon IK, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein functions cooperatively with cell surface heparan sulfate on phagocytes to promote necrotic cell uptake. J Leukoc Biol. 2010; 88:559-69. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0210087

11 : Hughes GJ, et al. Plasma protein map: an update by microsequencing. Electrophoresis. 1992; 13:707-14. doi: 10.1002/elps.11501301150

12 : Poon IK, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds heparanase and regulates its enzymatic activity and cell surface interactions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010; 42:1507-16. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.008

13 : Ohta T, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein and concanavalin A synergistically stimulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent signaling pathway in leukocytes leading to increased cell adhesion and changes in cell morphology. Cell Immunol. 2009; 259:5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.001

14 : Hennis BC, et al. Evidence for the absence of intron H of the histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) gene: genetic mapping and in situ localization of HRG to chromosome 3q28-q29. Genomics. 1994; 19:195-7. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1046

15 : Bian Y, et al. An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014; 96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

16 : Vanwildemeersch M, et al. The anti-angiogenic His/Pro-rich fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein binds to endothelial cell heparan sulfate in a Zn2+-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281:10298-304. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M508483200

17 : Poon IK, et al. Regulation of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) function via plasmin-mediated proteolytic cleavage. Biochem J. 2009; 424:27-37. doi: 10.1042/BJ20090794

18 : Doñate F, et al. Peptides derived from the histidine-proline domain of the histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein bind to tropomyosin and have antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Cancer Res. 2004; 64:5812-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0440

19 : Chen R, et al. Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009; 8:651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012

20 : Shigekiyo T, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) Tokushima 2: novel HRG deficiency, molecular and cellular characterization. Thromb Haemost. 2000; 84:675-9.

21 : Simantov R, et al. Histidine-rich glycoprotein inhibits the antiangiogenic effect of thrombospondin-1. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107:45-52. doi: 10.1172/JCI9061

22 : Rolny C, et al. HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF. Cancer Cell. 2011; 19:31-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.009

23 : Dixelius J, et al. Minimal active domain and mechanism of action of the angiogenesis inhibitor histidine-rich glycoprotein. Cancer Res. 2006; 66:2089-97. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2217

24 : Jones AL, et al. Plasminogen is tethered with high affinity to the cell surface by the plasma protein, histidine-rich glycoprotein. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279:38267-76. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M406027200

25 : Gorgani NN, et al. Differential binding of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) to human IgG subclasses and IgG molecules containing kappa and lambda light chains. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274:29633-40. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29633

26 : Thulin A, et al. Activated platelets provide a functional microenvironment for the antiangiogenic fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein. Mol Cancer Res. 2009; 7:1792-802. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0094

27 : Olsson AK, et al. A fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein is a potent inhibitor of tumor vascularization. Cancer Res. 2004; 64:599-605. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1941

28 : Liu T, et al. Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005; 4:2070-80. doi: 10.1021/pr0502065

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate via its N-terminal domain following Zn2+ chelation.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M401996200

Abstract : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an alpha2-glycoprotein found in mammalian plasma at high concentrations (approximately 150 microg/ml) and is distinguished by its high content of histidine and proline. Structurally, HRG is a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal cystatin-like domain (N1N2), a central histidine-rich region (HRR) flanked by proline-rich sequences, and a C-terminal domain. HRG binds to cell surfaces and numerous ligands such as plasminogen, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, C1q, heparin, and IgG, suggesting that it may act as an adaptor protein either by targeting ligands to cell surfaces or by cross-linking soluble ligands. Despite the suggested functional importance of HRG, the cell-binding characteristics of the molecule are poorly defined. In this study, HRG was shown to bind to most cell lines in a Zn(2+)-dependent manner, but failed to interact with the Chinese hamster ovary cell line pgsA-745, which lacks cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Subsequent treatment of GAG-positive Chinese hamster ovary cells with mammalian heparanase or bacterial heparinase III, but not chondroitinase ABC, abolished HRG binding. Furthermore, blocking studies with various GAG species indicated that only heparin was a potent inhibitor of HRG binding. These data suggest that heparan sulfate is the predominate cell-surface ligand for HRG and that mammalian heparanase is a potential regulator of HRG binding. Using recombinant forms of full-length HRG and the N-terminal N1N2 domain, it was shown that the N1N2 domain bound specifically to immobilized heparin and cell-surface heparan sulfate. In contrast, synthetic peptides corresponding to the Zn(2+)-binding HRR of HRG did not interact with cells. Furthermore, the binding of full-length HRG, but not the N1N2 domain, was greatly potentiated by physiological concentrations of Zn2+. Based on these data, we propose that the N1N2 domain binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate and that the interaction of Zn2+ with the HRR can indirectly enhance cell-surface binding.

Paper title : Human serum histidine-rich glycoprotein. I. Interactions with heme, metal ions and organic ligands.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2795(78)90098-3

Abstract : The 3.8 S alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein of human serum is composed of two non-identical subunits, each of which contains carbohydrate. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum of alpha2-histidine glycoprotein indicates that the protein has little alpha-helix but apparently appreciable amounts of beta-sheet and non-regular structures. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds heme with concomitant changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, in the fluorescence of tryptophan residues, and in the absorption and optical activity of the heme chromophore. By fluorescence quenching, the stoichiometry of binding is 1 heme per alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein molecule with an apparent Kd near 1.5 muM; however, by changes in absorbance, the interaction of 9 to 10 additional heme molecules with the alpha protein can be detected. The absorption spectra of heme . alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein complexes resemble those of low-spin hemoproteins. The ellipticity induced in the heme chromophore on binding by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein increases linearly up to about 10 hemes bound per mol protein. No change in the conformation of alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein was indicated by circular dichroism when one or two heme molecules are bound by the protein. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein does not effectively compete with human serum albumin for heme, suggesting that alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein has no major function in serum heme transport. Nonetheless, the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein provides a means of studying the structure of this protein using the heme chromophore as a probe. alpha2-Histidine-rich glycoprotein also binds other organic molecules including bilirubin, diaquocobinamide, Cibacron blue F3GA and rose bengal, and certain divalent metals. It is of interest that copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium and cobalt effectively inhibit the binding of heme by alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein, whereas other divalent metals tested, including calcium, magnesium and manganese do not appreciably affect the heme-alpha2-histidine-rich glycoprotein interaction.

Paper title : Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein has potent antiangiogenic activity mediated through the histidine-proline-rich domain.

Doi : https://doi.org/Not available

Abstract : Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG) is an abundant multidomain plasma protein evolutionarily related to high-molecular-weight kininogen. The cleaved form of high-molecular-weight kininogen has recently been demonstrated to exhibit antiangiogenic activities in vitro (J. C. Zhang et al., FASEB J., 14: 2589-2600, 2000), mediated primarily through domain 5. HPRG contains a histidine-proline-rich (H/P) domain with sequence and functional similarities to HKa-D5. We hypothesized that HPRG may also have antiangiogenic properties, localized within its H/P domain. The H/P domain is highly conserved among species, and because rabbit H/P domain is more resistant to internal proteolytic cleavage than the human domain, the rabbit HPRG (rbHPRG) was primarily used to assess the antiangiogenic activity of HPRG. Rabbit HPRG inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) or vascular endothelial growth factor on a Matrigel surface as well as cell proliferation of FGF-2 stimulated HUVECs. The antiangiogenic activity of rbHPRG was localized to the H/P domain by use of proteolytic fragments of rbHPRG and was further confirmed and characterized in two in vivo models of angiogenesis: the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick assay and the mouse Matrigel plug assay. Caspase-3 activation was observed in HUVECs stimulated with FGF-2 in the presence of rbHPRG, suggesting that apoptosis of activated endothelial cells may be one of the mechanisms underlying its antiangiogenic activity. Finally, the H/P domain of rbHPRG reduced tumor cell number when tumor cells were co-inoculated in the Matrigel plug assay. In conclusion, the H/P domain within HPRG induces the apoptosis of activated endothelial cells leading to potent antiangiogenic effects.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds factor XIIa with high affinity and inhibits contact-initiated coagulation.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-07-290551

Abstract : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) circulates in plasma at a concentration of 2μM and binds plasminogen, fibrinogen, and thrombospondin. Despite these interactions, the physiologic role of HRG is unknown. Previous studies have shown that mice and humans deficient in HRG have shortened plasma clotting times. To better understand this phenomenon, we examined the effect of HRG on clotting tests. HRG prolongs the activated partial thromboplastin time in a concentration-dependent fashion but has no effect on tissue factor-induced clotting, localizing its effect to the contact pathway. Plasma immunodepleted of HRG exhibits a shortened activated partial thromboplastin time that is restored to baseline with HRG replenishment. To explore how HRG affects the contact pathway, we examined its binding to factors XII, XIIa, XI, and XIa. HRG binds factor XIIa with high affinity, an interaction that is enhanced in the presence of Zn²(+), but does not bind factors XII, XI, or XIa. In addition, HRG inhibits autoactivation of factor XII and factor XIIa-mediated activation of factor XI. These results suggest that, by binding to factor XIIa, HRG modulates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, particularly in the vicinity of a thrombus where platelet release of HRG and Zn²(+) will promote this interaction.

Paper title : Probing the Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) binding affinity of histidine-rich glycoprotein.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.09.002

Abstract : The zinc(II) and copper(II) binding ability of two oligopeptide fragments, Ac-HHPHG-NH(2) and Ac-HHPHGHHPHG-NH(2), derived from the repeat-region of the His-Pro-rich domain of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and the structure of the formed complexes have been investigated by potentiometry, NMR-, UV-visible-, CD-, SRCD- and EPR spectroscopy. Exclusive coordination of the side-chain imidazoles of the peptides has been observed with both metal ions in the acidic and neutral pH range. While the three His units of the pentapeptide resulted in a modest stability of the ML complexes, the decapeptide with its increased number of His residues offered a high-affinity metal binding site for both metal ions with the participation of at least four nitrogen donors. Due to the high number of potential donor groups, the formation of binding isomers of the protonated and parent complexes is very likely. Both peptides show a synchrotron radiation (SR) CD-pattern resembling to that of the polyproline II structure, similarly to that of the His-Pro-rich domain of the HRG protein. The longer sequence was shown to bind a second metal ion in the slightly acidic pH-range. The determined stability data suggest a remarkable extra stabilization emerging in the decapeptide for the coordination of the second metal ions, as compared to the ML complexes of the pentapeptide. Whether the observed cooperativity has similarities to the cooperative metal binding feature of HRG or the two phenomena have different sources is a question yet to be clarified.

Paper title : HRG Tokushima: molecular and cellular characterization of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) deficiency.

Doi : https://doi.org/Not available

Abstract : Previously, we found the first congenital deficiency of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) in a Japanese woman with thrombosis. To elucidate the genetic basis of this deficiency, we first performed Southern blot analysis and found no gross deletion or insertion in the proband's HRG gene. We then examined the nucleotide sequences of all seven exons of the proband's HRG gene. A single nucleotide substitution, G to A at nucleotide position 429, which mutates Gly85 to Glu in the first cystatin-like domain, was found in exon 3 in 13 of 22 amplified clones. This mutation generates a unique Taq I site. Exon 3 was amplified from the proband, her family members, and 50 unrelated normal Japanese individuals, and Taq I fragmentation was examined. Fragmentation of exon 3 was observed in one allele of the genes from the proband and the family members who also have decreased plasma levels of HRG. Fifty unrelated normal Japanese individuals had a normal HRG gene, indicating that the G to A mutation is not a common polymorphism. To elucidate the identified mutation as a cause for the secretion defect of HRG in the proband's plasma, we constructed and transiently expressed the recombinant Tokushima-type HRG mutant (Gly85 to Glu) in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, and examined an intracellular event of the mutant protein. The results showed that only about 20% of the Tokushima-type HRG was secreted into the culture medium, and intracellular degradation of the mutant was observed. Thus, the present study strongly suggests that the HRG deficiency is caused by intracellular degradation of the Gly85 to Glu mutant of HRG in the proband.

Paper title : The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.2596504

Abstract : The National Institutes of Health's Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project was designed to generate and sequence a publicly accessible cDNA resource containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) for every human and mouse gene. The project initially used a random strategy to select clones from a large number of cDNA libraries from diverse tissues. Candidate clones were chosen based on 5'-EST sequences, and then fully sequenced to high accuracy and analyzed by algorithms developed for this project. Currently, more than 11,000 human and 10,000 mouse genes are represented in MGC by at least one clone with a full ORF. The random selection approach is now reaching a saturation point, and a transition to protocols targeted at the missing transcripts is now required to complete the mouse and human collections. Comparison of the sequence of the MGC clones to reference genome sequences reveals that most cDNA clones are of very high sequence quality, although it is likely that some cDNAs may carry missense variants as a consequence of experimental artifact, such as PCR, cloning, or reverse transcriptase errors. Recently, a rat cDNA component was added to the project, and ongoing frog (Xenopus) and zebrafish (Danio) cDNA projects were expanded to take advantage of the high-throughput MGC pipeline.

Paper title : Amino acid sequence of human histidine-rich glycoprotein derived from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00356a055

Abstract : A lambda gt 11 library containing cDNA inserts prepared from human liver mRNA has been screened with an affinity-purified antibody to human histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and then with a restriction fragment isolated from the 5' end of the largest cDNA insert obtained by antibody screening. A number of positive clones were identified and shown to code for HRG by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 2067 nucleotides were determined by sequencing 3 overlapping cDNA clones, which included 121 nucleotides of 5'-noncoding sequence, 54 nucleotides coding for a leader sequence of 18 amino acids, 1521 nucleotides coding for the mature protein of 507 amino acids, a stop codon of TAA, and 352 nucleotides of 3'-noncoding sequence followed by a poly(A) tail of 16 nucleotides. The length of the noncoding sequence of the 3' end differed in several clones, but each contained a polyadenylylation or processing sequence of AATAAA followed by a poly(A) tail. More than half of the amino acid sequence of HRG consisted of five different types of internal repeats. Within the last 3 internal repeats (type V), there were 12 tandem repetitions of a 5 amino acid segment with a consensus sequence of Gly-His-His-Pro-His. This repeated portion, referred to as a "histidine-rich region", contained 53% histidine and showed a high degree of similarity to a histidine-rich region of high molecular weight kininogen.

Paper title : High affinity interaction between histidine-rich glycoprotein and the cell surface type ATP synthase on T-cells.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.005

Abstract : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a plasma protein implicated in the innate immune system. In recent studies, we showed that either HRG, or the Arg23-Lys66 glycopeptide derived from HRG, in concert with concanavalin A (Con A), promotes a morphological change and adhesion of the human leukemic T-cell line MOLT-4 to culture dishes, and that cell surface glycosaminoglycan or Fcgamma receptors do not participate in this cellular event. In the present study, we identified the alpha-subunit of ATP synthase as one of the HRG-binding proteins on the surface of T-cells by HRG-derived glycopeptide affinity chromatography and by a peptide mass finger printing method. HRG specifically interacted with mitochondrial ATP synthase with a dissociation constant of 66 nM. The presence of alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase on the plasma membrane of MOLT-4 cell was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and FACS analysis. The HRG/Con A-induced morphological changes of MOLT-4 cells were specifically inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against the beta-subunit of ATP synthase. These results strongly suggest that the cell surface ATP synthase functions as a binding protein for HRG on MOLT-4 cells, which is required for the morphological changes observed in MOLT-4 cells following treatment with HRG/Con A.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein functions cooperatively with cell surface heparan sulfate on phagocytes to promote necrotic cell uptake.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0210087

Abstract : Dying cells, such as apoptotic and necrotic cells, are cleared rapidly from the site of cell death to prevent the exposure of intracellular antigenic and immunostimulatory molecules that may cause tissue injury or facilitate the development of autoimmune diseases. For the immune system to recognize and remove dying cells efficiently, professional phagocytes use a variety of mechanisms that distinguish healthy cells from dying cells. HRG, a relatively abundant heparin/HS-binding protein in human plasma, has been shown recently to tether IgG specifically to necrotic cells and aid the phagocytic uptake of necrotic cells via a FcgammaRI-dependent pathway. In this study, we provide direct evidence that HRG can function cooperatively with cell surface HS on the monocytic cell line THP-1 to promote necrotic cell removal. In addition, we found that the presence of heparin can markedly inhibit HRG-enhanced necrotic cell clearance by THP-1 cells, possibly by blocking the ability of HRG to interact with necrotic cells as well as THP-1 cells. Thus, these data suggest that HRG can aid the phagocytosis of necrotic cells via a HS-dependent pathway, and this process can be regulated by the presence of certain HRG ligands, such as heparin.

Paper title : Plasma protein map: an update by microsequencing.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501301150

Abstract : The reference plasma protein map, obtained with immobilized pH gradients in the first dimension of two-dimensional electrophoresis, is presented. By microsequencing, more than 40 polypeptide chains were identified. The new polypeptides and previously known proteins are listed in a table and labeled on the protein map, thus providing an update of the human plasma two-dimensional gel database.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds heparanase and regulates its enzymatic activity and cell surface interactions.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.008

Abstract : Heparanase, an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase, is involved in numerous normal physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, wound healing and tumour metastasis/angiogenesis, through its ability to mediate the degradation of heparan sulfate, a key structural component of the extracellular matrix and on the surface of cells. Identifying endogenous molecules that can regulate heparanase activity will aid the understanding of its molecular function in health and disease and provide the potential for development of novel anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory therapeutics. The ability of the extracellular heparanase to tether onto cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and other receptor(s), such as the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, is key to its activation, function and uptake into intracellular compartments. Here we describe experiments demonstrating that a relatively abundant plasma glycoprotein, histidine-rich glycoprotein, directly interacts with platelet-derived heparanase and enhances its enzymatic activity. The findings in this study also show that histidine-rich glycoprotein interferes with heparanase binding to cell surface receptors, particularly heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Thus, the interaction between histidine-rich glycoprotein and heparanase can potentially regulate the role of heparanase in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein and concanavalin A synergistically stimulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent signaling pathway in leukocytes leading to increased cell adhesion and changes in cell morphology.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.001

Abstract : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) promoted the adhesion and morphological changes of human T-cell line MOLT-4 in a Con A-dependent manner. This morphological change-promoting activity was specific for HRG and the Arg23-Lys66 glycopeptide from human HRG. The carbohydrate chain at Asn45 was essential for this activity. The morphological changes of MOLT-4 cells caused by HRG and Con A (HRG/Con A) were not inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin or LY294002, while the changes by Con A alone were completely inhibited by these reagents, suggesting that HRG/Con A cooperate to activate leukocytes via a signaling pathway distinct from that by Con A alone. The morphological changes by Con A were associated with pseudopodia like structure. On the other hand, the morphological changes caused by HRG/Con A were associated not only with pseudopodia like structure but also with an increase of the F-actin-rich surface protrusions. Wortmannin inhibited only the formation of pseudopodia like structure.

Paper title : Evidence for the absence of intron H of the histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) gene: genetic mapping and in situ localization of HRG to chromosome 3q28-q29.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1046

Abstract : Not available

Paper title : An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Abstract : UNLABELLED: Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications. It plays key roles in regulating diverse biological processes of liver tissues. To better understand the role of protein phosphorylation in liver functions, it is essential to perform in-depth phosphoproteome analysis of human liver. Here, an enzyme assisted reversed-phase-reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-RPLC) approach with both RPLC separations operated with optimized acidic mobile phase was developed. High orthogonal separation was achieved by trypsin digestion of the Glu-C generated peptides in the fractions collected from the first RPLC separation. The phosphoproteome coverage was further improved by using two types of instruments, i.e. TripleTOF 5600 and LTQ Orbitrap Velos. A total of 22,446 phosphorylation sites, corresponding to 6526 nonredundant phosphoproteins were finally identified from normal human liver tissues. Of these sites, 15,229 sites were confidently localized with Ascore≥13. This dataset was the largest phosphoproteome dataset of human liver. It can be a public resource for the liver research community and holds promise for further biology studies. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The enzyme assisted approach enabled the two RPLC separations operated both with optimized acidic mobile phases. The identifications from TripleTOF 5600 and Orbitrap Velos are highly complementary. The largest phosphoproteome dataset of human liver was generated.

Paper title : The anti-angiogenic His/Pro-rich fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein binds to endothelial cell heparan sulfate in a Zn2+-dependent manner.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M508483200

Abstract : The plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), which has been identified as an angiogenesis inhibitor, binds to heparan sulfate (HS) in a Zn(2+)-dependent manner. We wished to test whether this interaction is mechanistically important in mediation of the anti-angiogenic effect of HRGP. Inhibition of angiogenesis by HRGP is exerted through its central His/Pro-rich domain, which is proteolytically released. A 35-amino-acid residue synthetic peptide, HRGP330, derived from the His/Pro-rich domain retains the inhibitory effect on blood vessel formation in vitro and in vivo, an effect dependent on the presence of Zn(2+). We now show that HRGP330 binds heparin/HS with the same capacity as full-length HRGP, and the binding is Zn(2+)-dependent. Peptides derived from the His/Pro-rich domain of HRGP downstream of HRGP330 fail to inhibit endothelial cell migration and display a significantly reduced heparin-binding capacity. An even shorter peptide, HRGP335, covering a 26-amino-acid sequence within HRGP330 retains full heparin/HS-binding capacity. Characterization of the HS interaction shows that there is a tissue-specific HS pattern recognized by HRGP335 and that the minimal length of heparin/HS required for binding to HRGP335 is an 8-mer oligosaccharide. Saturation of the HS binding sites in HRGP330 by pre-incubation with heparin abrogates the HRGP330-induced rearrangement of endothelial cell focal adhesions, suggesting that interaction with cell surface HS is needed for HRGP330 to exert its anti-angiogenic effect.

Paper title : Regulation of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) function via plasmin-mediated proteolytic cleavage.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20090794

Abstract : The plasminogen/plasmin system is involved in a variety of normal physiological and pathological processes, including tissue remodelling, angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. Plasminogen activators and receptors for plasminogen/plasminogen activators are essential for the processing of plasminogen to form the active serine protease plasmin. Plasmin can in turn positively or negatively regulate further plasminogen activation via plasmin-mediated cleavage of receptors and activators. HRG (histidine-rich glycoprotein), a relatively abundant (approx. 100-150 microg/ml) plasma glycoprotein, has a multi-domain structure that can interact with many ligands, including Zn2+, heparin, HS (heparan sulfate) and plasminogen. HRG has been shown to function as an adaptor molecule to tether plasminogen to GAG (glycosaminoglycan)-bearing surfaces and to regulate plasminogen activation via various mechanisms. As HRG itself is sensitive to plasmin cleavage, the present study examines in detail the cleavage of human HRG by plasmin and the effect of this cleavage on various functions of HRG. HRG fragments, generated by plasmin cleavage, are held together by disulfide linkages and are not released from the molecule under non-reducing conditions. Plasmin-mediated cleavage partially inhibited HRG binding to cell surface HS, but enhanced HRG binding to necrotic cells and to plasminogen. However, both intact and plasmin-cleaved HRG enhanced the binding of plasminogen to heparin-coated surfaces to a similar extent. Furthermore, the presence of heparin, Zn2+ or acidic pH was found to protect HRG from plasmin cleavage. Thus proteolytic cleavage of HRG by plasmin may provide a feedback mechanism to regulate the effects of HRG on the plasminogen/plasmin system and other functions of HRG.

Paper title : Peptides derived from the histidine-proline domain of the histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein bind to tropomyosin and have antiangiogenic and antitumor activities.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0440

Abstract : The antiangiogenic activity of the multidomain plasma protein histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG) is localized to its histidine-proline-rich (H/P) domain and has recently been shown to be mediated, at least partially, through binding to cell-surface tropomyosin in fibroblast growth factor-2-activated endothelial cells (X. Guan et al., Thromb Haemost, in press). HPRG and its H/P domain, but not the other domains of HPRG, bind specifically and with high affinity to tropomyosin. In this study, we characterize the interaction of the H/P domain with tropomyosin and delineate the region within the H/P domain responsible for that interaction. The H/P domain of HPRG consists mostly of repetitions of the consensus sequence [H/P][H/P]PHG. Applying an in vitro tropomyosin binding assay, we demonstrate that the synthetic peptide HHPHG binds to tropomyosin in vitro and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. The affinity for tropomyosin increases exponentially upon multimerization of the HHPHG sequence, with a concurrent increase in antiangiogenic activity. Specifically, the tetramer (HHPHG)4 has significant antiangiogenic activity in the Matrigel plug model (IC50 approximately 600 nm) and antitumor effects in two syngeneic mouse tumor models. Thus, we show that a 16-mer peptide analogue mimics the antiangiogenic activity of intact HPRG and is also able to inhibit tumor growth, suggesting that cell surface tropomyosin may represent a novel antiangiogenic target for the treatment of cancer.

Paper title : Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8008012

Abstract : The study of protein glycosylation has lagged far behind the progress of current proteomics because of the enormous complexity, wide dynamic range distribution and low stoichiometric modification of glycoprotein. Solid phase extraction of tryptic N-glycopeptides by hydrazide chemistry is becoming a popular protocol for the analysis of N-glycoproteome. However, in silico digestion of proteins in human proteome database by trypsin indicates that a significant percentage of tryptic N-glycopeptides is not in the preferred detection mass range of shotgun proteomics approach, that is, from 800 to 3500 Da. And the quite big size of glycan groups may block trypsin to access the K, R residues near N-glycosites for digestion, which will result in generation of big glycopeptides. Thus many N-glycosites could not be localized if only trypsin was used to digest proteins. Herein, we describe a comprehensive way to analyze the N-glycoproteome of human liver tissue by combination of hydrazide chemistry method and multiple enzyme digestion. The lysate of human liver tissue was digested with three proteases, that is, trypsin, pepsin and thermolysin, with different specificities, separately. Use of trypsin alone resulted in identification of 622 N-glycosites, while using pepsin and thermolysin resulted in identification of 317 additional N-glycosites. Among the 317 additional N-glycosites, 98 (30.9%) could not be identified by trypsin in theory because the corresponding in silico tryptic peptides are either too small or too big to detect in mass spectrometer. This study clearly demonstrated that the coverage of N-glycosites could be significantly increased due to the adoption of multiple enzyme digestion. A total number of 939 N-glycosites were identified confidently, covering 523 noredundant glycoproteins from human liver tissue, which leads to the establishment of the largest data set of glycoproteome from human liver up to now.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) Tokushima 2: novel HRG deficiency, molecular and cellular characterization.

Doi : https://doi.org/Not available

Abstract : The proband, a 76-year-old woman, suffered from dural arteriovenous fistula. Her plasma histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) level was 50% of the normal level. A low level of plasma HRG was also found in her third daughter. A single nucleotide substitution of T to C was found at nucleotide position 11,438 in exon 6 of the HRG gene from the proband, converting Cys223 to Arg in the second cystatin-like domain. The same mutation was also identified in her third daughter, but not in the other four family members having normal HRG levels or in 50 unrelated healthy Japanese individuals. Expression studies in BHK cells showed that substantial intracellular degradation of the mutant occurred and only about 40% of the recombinant HRG mutant was secreted. These results indicate that congenital HRG deficiency caused by a substitution of Cys223 to Arg is hereditary in this family.

Paper title : Histidine-rich glycoprotein inhibits the antiangiogenic effect of thrombospondin-1.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI9061

Abstract : Angiogenesis is critical for the growth and proliferation of tumors as well as for normal development. We now describe a novel role for histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) in the modulation of angiogenesis. HRGP is a plasma protein that circulates in relatively high concentrations (1.5 microM), but has no known function in vivo. We have shown previously that HRGP binds with high affinity to thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a homotrimeric glycoprotein that is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. The antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1 is mediated by the binding of properdin-like type I repeats to the receptor CD36. We found that binding of HRGP to TSP-1 was similarly mediated by TSP type I repeats. HRGP colocalized with TSP-1 in the stroma of human breast cancer specimens, and this interaction masked the antiangiogenic epitope of TSP-1. In assays performed in vitro of endothelial cell migration and tube formation, and in vivo corneal angiogenesis assays, HRGP inhibited the antiangiogenic effect of TSP-1. These studies suggest that HRGP can modulate the antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1, and identify a potential mechanism of resistance to the antiangiogenic effect of TSP-1.

Paper title : HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.009

Abstract : Polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to a proangiogenic/immune-suppressive (M2-like) phenotype and abnormal, hypoperfused vessels are hallmarks of malignancy, but their molecular basis and interrelationship remains enigmatic. We report that the host-produced histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, while improving chemotherapy. By skewing TAM polarization away from the M2- to a tumor-inhibiting M1-like phenotype, HRG promotes antitumor immune responses and vessel normalization, effects known to decrease tumor growth and metastasis and to enhance chemotherapy. Skewing of TAM polarization by HRG relies substantially on downregulation of placental growth factor (PlGF). Besides unveiling an important role for TAM polarization in tumor vessel abnormalization, and its regulation by HRG/PlGF, these findings offer therapeutic opportunities for anticancer and antiangiogenic treatment.

Paper title : Minimal active domain and mechanism of action of the angiogenesis inhibitor histidine-rich glycoprotein.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2217

Abstract : Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) is an abundant heparin-binding plasma protein that efficiently arrests growth and vascularization of mouse tumor models. We have shown that the antiangiogenic effect of HRGP is dependent on its histidine/proline-rich domain, which needs to be released from the mother protein to exert its effects. Here we identify a 35-amino-acid peptide, HRGP330, derived from the histidine/proline-rich domain as endowed with antiangiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of action of HRGP330 involves subversion of focal adhesion function by disruption of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) functions, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the FAK substrate alpha-actinin, and, as a consequence, an arrest in endothelial cell motility. The disturbed focal adhesion function is reflected in the ability of HRGP as well as of HRGP330 to prevent endothelial cell adhesion to vitronectin in a manner involving alpha(v)beta3 integrin. In conclusion, HRGP330, which we define as the minimal antiangiogenic domain of HRGP, exerts its effects through signal transduction targeting focal adhesions, thereby interrupting VEGF-induced endothelial cell motility.

Paper title : Plasminogen is tethered with high affinity to the cell surface by the plasma protein, histidine-rich glycoprotein.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M406027200

Abstract : Plasminogen has been implicated in extracellular matrix degradation by invading cells, but few high affinity cell surface receptors for the molecule have been identified. Previous studies have reported that the plasma protein, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), interacts with plasminogen and cell surfaces, raising the possibility that HRG may immobilize plasminogen/plasmin to cell surfaces. Here we show, based on optical biosensor analyses, that immobilized HRG interacts with soluble plasminogen with high affinity and with an extremely slow dissociation rate. Furthermore, the HRG-plasminogen interaction is lysine-dissociable and involves predominately the amino-terminal domain of HRG, and the fifth kringle domain of plasminogen, but not the carboxyl-terminal lysine of HRG. HRG was also shown to tether plasminogen to cell surfaces, with this interaction being potentiated by elevated Zn(2+) levels and low pH, conditions that prevail at sites of tissue injury, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. Based on these data we propose that HRG acts as a soluble adaptor molecule that binds to cells at sites of tissue injury, tumor growth, and angiogenesis, providing a high affinity receptor for tethering plasminogen to the cell surface and thereby enhancing the migratory potential of cells.

Paper title : Differential binding of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) to human IgG subclasses and IgG molecules containing kappa and lambda light chains.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.42.29633

Abstract : In previous studies we showed that the plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) binds strongly to pooled human IgG. In the present work myeloma proteins consisting of different human IgG subclasses were examined for their ability to interact with human HRG. Using an IAsys optical biosensor we found initially that IgG subclasses differ substantially in their affinity of interaction with HRG. However, the most striking finding was the observation that the kinetics of the HRG interaction was dramatically affected by whether the IgG subclasses contained the kappa or lambda light (L)-chains. Thus, the on-rate for the binding of HRG to the kappa L-chain containing IgG1 and IgG2 (IgG1kappa and IgG2kappa) was approximately 4- and approximately 10-fold faster than that for the binding of HRG to lambda L-chain containing IgG1 and IgG2 (IgG1lambda and IgG2lambda), respectively, with the dissociation constants (K(d)) in the range 3-5 nM and 112-189 nM for the kappa and lambda isoforms, respectively. In contrast, the on-rate for the binding of HRG to IgG3kappa and IgG4kappa was found to be 9- and 20-fold slower than that for the binding of HRG to IgG3lambda and IgG4lambda, respectively, with the K(d) in the range 147-268 nM and 96-109 nM for the kappa and lambda isoforms, respectively. The binding of HRG to immunoglobulins containing the kappa L-chain (particularly IgG1kappa) was generally potentiated in the presence of a physiological concentration (20 microM) of Zn(2+) (K(d) decreased to 0.60 +/- 0.01 for IgG1kappa), but Zn(2+) had no effect or slightly inhibited the binding of HRG to immobilized IgG subclasses possessing the lambda L-chain. Interestingly, HRG also bound differentially to Bence Jones (BJ) proteins containing kappa and lambda L-chains, with HRG having a 14-fold lower K(d) for BJkappa than for BJlambda when 20 microM Zn(2+) was present. HRG also bound to IgM (IgMkappa), but the affinity of this interaction (K(d) approximately 1.99 +/- 0.05 microM) was markedly lower than the interaction with IgG, and the affinity was actually decreased 4-fold in the presence of Zn(2+). The results demonstrate that both the heavy (H)- and L-chain type have a profound effect on the binding of HRG to different IgG subclasses and provide the first evidence of a functional difference between the kappa and lambda L-chains of immunoglobulins.

Paper title : Activated platelets provide a functional microenvironment for the antiangiogenic fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0094

Abstract : The angiogenesis inhibitor histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) constitutes one of several examples of molecules regulating both angiogenesis and hemostasis. The antiangiogenic properties of HRG are mediated via its proteolytically released histidine- and proline-rich (His/Pro-rich) domain. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry, we here provide biochemical evidence for the presence of a proteolytic peptide, corresponding to the antiangiogenic domain of HRG, in vivo in human tissue. This finding supports a role for HRG as an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis. Interestingly, the His/Pro-rich peptide bound to the vessel wall in tissue from cancer patients but not to the vasculature in tissue from healthy persons. Moreover, the His/Pro-rich peptide was found in close association with platelets. Relesate from in vitro-activated platelets promoted binding of the His/Pro-rich domain of HRG to endothelial cells, an effect mediated by Zn(2+). Previous studies have shown that zinc-dependent binding of the His/Pro-rich domain of HRG to heparan sulfate on endothelial cells is required for inhibition of angiogenesis. We describe a novel mechanism to increase the local concentration and activity of an angiogenesis inhibitor, which may reflect a host response to counteract angiogenesis during pathologic conditions. Our finding that tumor angiogenesis is elevated in HRG-deficient mice supports this conclusion.

Paper title : A fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein is a potent inhibitor of tumor vascularization.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1941

Abstract : In this study, we show that recombinant human histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) has potent antiangiogenic properties as judged from effects on a syngeneic tumor model in C57/bl6 mice. Growth of fibrosarcoma, a very aggressive tumor, was reduced by >60% by HRGP treatment, and tumor angiogenesis was dramatically decreased. Treatment with HRGP led to increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in the tumors. In contrast, HRGP did not affect apoptosis or DNA synthesis in endothelial cells or tumor cells in vitro. The mechanism of action of HRGP involves rearrangement of focal adhesions and decreased attachment of endothelial cells to vitronectin and, as a consequence, reduced endothelial cell migration. By using truncated versions of HRGP, we demonstrate that the isolated 150 amino acid-residue His/Pro-rich domain, which is also released by spontaneous proteolysis from purified HRGP, mediates the inhibitory effect on chemotaxis. Moreover, the His/Pro-rich domain must be released from HRGP to exert its effect. This study shows for the first time inhibitory effects of HRGP on tumor vascularization in vivo, thus providing proof of concept that HRGP is an angiogenesis inhibitor.

Paper title : Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1021/pr0502065

Abstract : The enormous complexity, wide dynamic range of relative protein abundances of interest (over 10 orders of magnitude), and tremendous heterogeneity (due to post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation) of the human blood plasma proteome severely challenge the capabilities of existing analytical methodologies. Here, we describe an approach for broad analysis of human plasma N-glycoproteins using a combination of immunoaffinity subtraction and glycoprotein capture to reduce both the protein concentration range and the overall sample complexity. Six high-abundance plasma proteins were simultaneously removed using a pre-packed, immobilized antibody column. N-linked glycoproteins were then captured from the depleted plasma using hydrazide resin and enzymatically digested, and the bound N-linked glycopeptides were released using peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F). Following strong cation exchange (SCX) fractionation, the deglycosylated peptides were analyzed by reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using stringent criteria, a total of 2053 different N-glycopeptides were confidently identified, covering 303 nonredundant N-glycoproteins. This enrichment strategy significantly improved detection and enabled identification of a number of low-abundance proteins, exemplified by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (approximately 200 pg/mL), cathepsin L (approximately 1 ng/mL), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (approximately 2 ng/mL). A total of 639 N-glycosylation sites were identified, and the overall high accuracy of these glycosylation site assignments as assessed by accurate mass measurement using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR) is initially demonstrated.