Peptide name : Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)

Source/Organism : Greater horseshoe bat

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 166

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Not found

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Not specified

Assay time : Not found

Activity : Not found

Cell line : Not found

Cancer type : Not found

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 18984.766 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.904

Instability index : 38.4266

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -0.332

Isoelectric point : 9.474

Charge (pH 7) : 8.4793

Aromaticity : 0.096

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (12950, 13075)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 0.78494623

hydrophobic moment : -0.250

Missing amino acid : H

Most occurring amino acid : K

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 20

Least occurring amino acid : W

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 1

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.3, 0.3, 0.3)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C

1 : Teeling EC, et al. Bat Biology, Genomes, and the Bat1K Project: To Generate Chromosome-Level Genomes for All Living Bat Species. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2018; 6:23-46. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022811

2 : Koepfli KP, et al. The Genome 10K Project: a way forward. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2015; 3:57-111. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-090414-014900

3 : Jebb D, et al. Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations. Nature. 2020; 583:578-584. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2486-3

Paper title : Bat Biology, Genomes, and the Bat1K Project: To Generate Chromosome-Level Genomes for All Living Bat Species.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022811

Abstract : Bats are unique among mammals, possessing some of the rarest mammalian adaptations, including true self-powered flight, laryngeal echolocation, exceptional longevity, unique immunity, contracted genomes, and vocal learning. They provide key ecosystem services, pollinating tropical plants, dispersing seeds, and controlling insect pest populations, thus driving healthy ecosystems. They account for more than 20% of all living mammalian diversity, and their crown-group evolutionary history dates back to the Eocene. Despite their great numbers and diversity, many species are threatened and endangered. Here we announce Bat1K, an initiative to sequence the genomes of all living bat species (n∼1,300) to chromosome-level assembly. The Bat1K genome consortium unites bat biologists (>148 members as of writing), computational scientists, conservation organizations, genome technologists, and any interested individuals committed to a better understanding of the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the unique adaptations of bats. Our aim is to catalog the unique genetic diversity present in all living bats to better understand the molecular basis of their unique adaptations; uncover their evolutionary history; link genotype with phenotype; and ultimately better understand, promote, and conserve bats. Here we review the unique adaptations of bats and highlight how chromosome-level genome assemblies can uncover the molecular basis of these traits. We present a novel sequencing and assembly strategy and review the striking societal and scientific benefits that will result from the Bat1K initiative.

Paper title : The Genome 10K Project: a way forward.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-090414-014900

Abstract : The Genome 10K Project was established in 2009 by a consortium of biologists and genome scientists determined to facilitate the sequencing and analysis of the complete genomes of 10,000 vertebrate species. Since then the number of selected and initiated species has risen from ∼26 to 277 sequenced or ongoing with funding, an approximately tenfold increase in five years. Here we summarize the advances and commitments that have occurred by mid-2014 and outline the achievements and present challenges of reaching the 10,000-species goal. We summarize the status of known vertebrate genome projects, recommend standards for pronouncing a genome as sequenced or completed, and provide our present and future vision of the landscape of Genome 10K. The endeavor is ambitious, bold, expensive, and uncertain, but together the Genome 10K Consortium of Scientists and the worldwide genomics community are moving toward their goal of delivering to the coming generation the gift of genome empowerment for many vertebrate species.

Paper title : Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2486-3

Abstract : Bats possess extraordinary adaptations, including flight, echolocation, extreme longevity and unique immunity. High-quality genomes are crucial for understanding the molecular basis and evolution of these traits. Here we incorporated long-read sequencing and state-of-the-art scaffolding protocols1 to generate, to our knowledge, the first reference-quality genomes of six bat species (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Phyllostomus discolor, Myotis myotis, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Molossus molossus). We integrated gene projections from our 'Tool to infer Orthologs from Genome Alignments' (TOGA) software with de novo and homology gene predictions as well as short- and long-read transcriptomics to generate highly complete gene annotations. To resolve the phylogenetic position of bats within Laurasiatheria, we applied several phylogenetic methods to comprehensive sets of orthologous protein-coding and noncoding regions of the genome, and identified a basal origin for bats within Scrotifera. Our genome-wide screens revealed positive selection on hearing-related genes in the ancestral branch of bats, which is indicative of laryngeal echolocation being an ancestral trait in this clade. We found selection and loss of immunity-related genes (including pro-inflammatory NF-κB regulators) and expansions of anti-viral APOBEC3 genes, which highlights molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the exceptional immunity of bats. Genomic integrations of diverse viruses provide a genomic record of historical tolerance to viral infection in bats. Finally, we found and experimentally validated bat-specific variation in microRNAs, which may regulate bat-specific gene-expression programs. Our reference-quality bat genomes provide the resources required to uncover and validate the genomic basis of adaptations of bats, and stimulate new avenues of research that are directly relevant to human health and disease1.