Peptide name : Peptide deformylase, mitochondrial

Source/Organism : Human

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 243

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Free

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Formate dehydrogenase–coupled PDF assay, Thymidine incorporation assay

Assay time : 48h

Activity : IC50 ± SD : 5.2 ± 2.2 μM

Cell line : Daudi lymphoma cells

Cancer type : Lymphoma

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 27013.1711 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.922

Instability index : 62.2951

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -0.037

Isoelectric point : 9.4778

Charge (pH 7) : 7.8115

Aromaticity : 0.074

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (46980, 47480)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 1.7

hydrophobic moment : -0.227

Missing amino acid : None

Most occurring amino acid : L

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 28

Least occurring amino acid : Y

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 2

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.3, 0.2, 0.3)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C

1 : Gerhard DS, et al. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004; 14:2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504

2 : Serero A, et al. An unusual peptide deformylase features in the human mitochondrial N-terminal methionine excision pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278:52953-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M309770200

3 : Vaca Jacome AS, et al. N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome. Proteomics. 2015; 15:2519-24. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

4 : Vivian JP, et al. Crystal structure of LipL32, the most abundant surface protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp. J Mol Biol. 2009; 387:1229-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.02.038

5 : Lee MD, et al. Human mitochondrial peptide deformylase, a new anticancer target of actinonin-based antibiotics. J Clin Invest. 2004; 114:1107-16. doi: 10.1172/JCI22269

6 : Giglione C, et al. Identification of eukaryotic peptide deformylases reveals universality of N-terminal protein processing mechanisms. EMBO J. 2000; 19:5916-29. doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.21.5916

Paper title : The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.2596504

Abstract : The National Institutes of Health's Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project was designed to generate and sequence a publicly accessible cDNA resource containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) for every human and mouse gene. The project initially used a random strategy to select clones from a large number of cDNA libraries from diverse tissues. Candidate clones were chosen based on 5'-EST sequences, and then fully sequenced to high accuracy and analyzed by algorithms developed for this project. Currently, more than 11,000 human and 10,000 mouse genes are represented in MGC by at least one clone with a full ORF. The random selection approach is now reaching a saturation point, and a transition to protocols targeted at the missing transcripts is now required to complete the mouse and human collections. Comparison of the sequence of the MGC clones to reference genome sequences reveals that most cDNA clones are of very high sequence quality, although it is likely that some cDNAs may carry missense variants as a consequence of experimental artifact, such as PCR, cloning, or reverse transcriptase errors. Recently, a rat cDNA component was added to the project, and ongoing frog (Xenopus) and zebrafish (Danio) cDNA projects were expanded to take advantage of the high-throughput MGC pipeline.

Paper title : An unusual peptide deformylase features in the human mitochondrial N-terminal methionine excision pathway.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M309770200

Abstract : Dedicated machinery for N-terminal methionine excision (NME) was recently identified in plant organelles and shown to be essential in plastids. We report here the existence of mitochondrial NME in mammals, as shown by the identification of cDNAs encoding specific peptide deformylases (PDFs) and new methionine aminopeptidases (MAP1D). We cloned the two full-length human cDNAs and showed that the N-terminal domains of the encoded enzymes were specifically involved in targeting to mitochondria. In contrast to mitochondrial MAP1D, the human PDF sequence differed from that of known PDFs in several key features. We characterized the human PDF fully in vivo and in vitro. Comparison of the processed human enzyme with the plant mitochondrial PDF1A, to which it is phylogenetically related, showed that the human enzyme had an extra N-terminal domain involved in both mitochondrial targeting and enzyme stability. Mammalian PDFs also display non-random substitutions in the conserved motifs important for activity. Human PDF site-directed mutagenesis variants were studied and compared with the corresponding plant PDF1A variants. We found that amino acid substitutions in human PDF specifically altered its catalytic site, resulting in an enzyme intermediate between bacterial PDF1Bs and plant PDF1As. Because (i) human PDF was found to be active both in vitro and in vivo, (ii) the entire machinery is conserved and expressed in most animals, (iii) the mitochondrial genome expresses substrates for these enzymes, and (iv) mRNA synthesis is regulated, we conclude that animal mitochondria have a functional NME machinery that can be regulated.

Paper title : N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201400617

Abstract : The high throughput characterization of protein N-termini is becoming an emerging challenge in the proteomics and proteogenomics fields. The present study describes the free N-terminome analysis of human mitochondria-enriched samples using trimethoxyphenyl phosphonium (TMPP) labelling approaches. Owing to the extent of protein import and cleavage for mitochondrial proteins, determining the new N-termini generated after translocation/processing events for mitochondrial proteins is crucial to understand the transformation of precursors to mature proteins. The doublet N-terminal oriented proteomics (dN-TOP) strategy based on a double light/heavy TMPP labelling has been optimized in order to improve and automate the workflow for efficient, fast and reliable high throughput N-terminome analysis. A total of 2714 proteins were identified and 897 N-terminal peptides were characterized (424 N-α-acetylated and 473 TMPP-labelled peptides). These results allowed the precise identification of the N-terminus of 693 unique proteins corresponding to 26% of all identified proteins. Overall, 120 already annotated processing cleavage sites were confirmed while 302 new cleavage sites were characterized. The accumulation of experimental evidence of mature N-termini should allow increasing the knowledge of processing mechanisms and consequently also enhance cleavage sites prediction algorithms. Complete datasets have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifiers PXD001521, PXD001522 and PXD001523 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001521, http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD0001522 and http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001523, respectively).

Paper title : Crystal structure of LipL32, the most abundant surface protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.02.038

Abstract : Spirochetes of the genus Leptospira cause leptospirosis in humans and animals worldwide. Proteins exposed on the bacterial cell surface are implicated in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. However, the biological role of the majority of these proteins is unknown; this is principally due to the lack of genetic systems for investigating Leptospira and the absence of any structural information on leptospiral antigens. To address this, we have determined the 2.0-A-resolution structure of the lipoprotein LipL32, the most abundant outer-membrane and surface protein present exclusively in pathogenic Leptospira species. The extracellular domain of LipL32 revealed a compact, globular, "jelly-roll" fold from which projected an unusual extended beta-hairpin that served as a principal mediator of the observed crystallographic dimer. Two acid-rich patches were also identified as potential binding sites for positively charged ligands, such as laminin, to which LipL32 has a propensity to bind. Although LipL32 shared no significant sequence identity to any known protein, it possessed structural homology to the adhesins that bind components of the extracellular matrix, suggesting that LipL32 functions in an analogous manner. Moreover, the structure provides a framework for understanding the immunological role of this major surface lipoprotein.

Paper title : Human mitochondrial peptide deformylase, a new anticancer target of actinonin-based antibiotics.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI22269

Abstract : Peptide deformylase activity was thought to be limited to ribosomal protein synthesis in prokaryotes, where new peptides are initiated with an N-formylated methionine. We describe here a new human peptide deformylase (Homo sapiens PDF, or HsPDF) that is localized to the mitochondria. HsPDF is capable of removing formyl groups from N-terminal methionines of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins, an activity previously not thought to be necessary in mammalian cells. We show that actinonin, a peptidomimetic antibiotic that inhibits HsPDF, also inhibits the proliferation of 16 human cancer cell lines. We designed and synthesized 33 chemical analogs of actinonin; all of the molecules with potent activity against HsPDF also inhibited tumor cell growth, and vice versa, confirming target specificity. Small interfering RNA inhibition of HsPDF protein expression was also antiproliferative. Actinonin treatment of cells led to a tumor-specific mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP depletion in a time- and dose-dependent manner; removal of actinonin led to a recovery of the membrane potential consistent with indirect effects on the electron transport chain. In animal models, oral or parenteral actinonin was well tolerated and inhibited human prostate cancer and lung cancer growth. We conclude that HsPDF is a new human mitochondrial enzyme that may provide a novel selective target for anticancer therapy by use of actinonin-based antibiotics.

Paper title : Identification of eukaryotic peptide deformylases reveals universality of N-terminal protein processing mechanisms.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.21.5916

Abstract : The N-terminal protein processing pathway is an essential mechanism found in all organisms. However, it is widely believed that deformylase, a key enzyme involved in this process in bacteria, does not exist in eukaryotes, thus making it a target for antibacterial agents such as actinonin. In an attempt to define this process in higher eukaryotes we have used Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. Two deformylase cDNAs, the first identified in any eukaryotic system, and six distinct methionine aminopeptidase cDNAs were cloned. The corresponding proteins were characterized in vivo and in vitro. Methionine aminopeptidases were found in the cytoplasm and in the organelles, while deformylases were localized in the organelles only. Our work shows that higher plants have a much more complex machinery for methionine removal than previously suspected. We were also able to identify deformylase homologues from several animals and clone the corresponding cDNA from human cells. Our data provide the first evidence that lower and higher eukaryotes, as well as bacteria, share a similar N-terminal protein processing machinery, indicating universality of this system.