Peptide name : Solute carrier family 15 member 2

Source/Organism : Human

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : L

Peptide length: 729

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Not found

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Not specified

Assay time : Not found

Activity : Not found

Cell line : U87

Cancer type : Glioblastoma

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 81782.5009 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 1.024

Instability index : 35.3229

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : 0.2198

Isoelectric point : 8.397

Charge (pH 7) : 5.8258

Aromaticity : 0.116

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (109210, 109960)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 1.30379746

hydrophobic moment : -0.040

Missing amino acid : None

Most occurring amino acid : L

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 82

Least occurring amino acid : n

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 1

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.3, 0.2, 0.4)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C

1 : Li M, et al. Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006; 34:547-55. doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.006791

2 : Ota T, et al. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004; 36:40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285

3 : Sala-Rabanal M, et al. Molecular mechanism of dipeptide and drug transport by the human renal H+/oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008; 294:F1422-32. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00030.2008

4 : Charrière GM, et al. Identification of Drosophila Yin and PEPT2 as evolutionarily conserved phagosome-associated muramyl dipeptide transporters. J Biol Chem. 2010; 285:20147-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.115584

5 : Oppermann H, et al. The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters PEPT2, PHT1 and PHT2 mediate the uptake of carnosine in glioblastoma cells. Amino Acids. 2019; 51:999-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00726-019-02739-w

6 : Muzny DM, et al. The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006; 440:1194-8. doi: 10.1038/nature04728

7 : Liu W, et al. Molecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995; 1235:461-6. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)80036-f

Paper title : Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.105.006791

Abstract : Amoxicillin and cefaclor are two of the widely used beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Both drugs are eliminated mainly by the kidney and rely on renal excretion to exert their antibacterial activities in the urinary tract. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of organic anion and oligopeptide transporters in membrane transport of beta-lactams. The objective of the current study was to examine the kinetics of amoxicillin and cefaclor interactions with human renal transporters human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1), human peptide transporter 1 (hPepT1), and human peptide transporter 2 (hPepT2) in detail, both as substrates and as inhibitors. Using fluorescence protein tagging and cell sorting, we established Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines stably expressing highly functional hOAT1, hPepT1, and hPepT2. Amoxicillin and cefaclor inhibited hOAT1-mediated [(3)H]para-aminohippuric acid uptake (K(i) = 11.0 and 1.15 mM, respectively). However, our uptake study revealed that neither drug was transported by hOAT1. Amoxicillin and cefaclor competitively inhibited hPepT2-mediated [(3)H]glycylsarcosine uptake (K(i) = 733 and 65 muM, respectively), whereas much lower affinity for hPepT1 was observed with both antibiotics. Direct uptake studies demonstrated that amoxicillin and cefaclor were transported by hPepT1 and hPepT2. Kinetic analysis showed that hPepT2-mediated uptake of both drugs was saturable with K(m) of 1.04 mM for amoxicillin and 70.2 muM for cefaclor. hPepT2, and to a lesser extent hPepT1, may play an important role in apical transport of amoxicillin and cefaclor in the renal tubule. hOAT1, in contrast, is not involved in basolateral uptake of these antibiotics.

Paper title : Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1285

Abstract : As a base for human transcriptome and functional genomics, we created the "full-length long Japan" (FLJ) collection of sequenced human cDNAs. We determined the entire sequence of 21,243 selected clones and found that 14,490 cDNAs (10,897 clusters) were unique to the FLJ collection. About half of them (5,416) seemed to be protein-coding. Of those, 1,999 clusters had not been predicted by computational methods. The distribution of GC content of nonpredicted cDNAs had a peak at approximately 58% compared with a peak at approximately 42%for predicted cDNAs. Thus, there seems to be a slight bias against GC-rich transcripts in current gene prediction procedures. The rest of the cDNAs unique to the FLJ collection (5,481) contained no obvious open reading frames (ORFs) and thus are candidate noncoding RNAs. About one-fourth of them (1,378) showed a clear pattern of splicing. The distribution of GC content of noncoding cDNAs was narrow and had a peak at approximately 42%, relatively low compared with that of protein-coding cDNAs.

Paper title : Molecular mechanism of dipeptide and drug transport by the human renal H+/oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT2.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00030.2008

Abstract : The human proton/oligopeptide cotransporters hPEPT1 and hPEPT2 have been targeted to enhance the bioavailability of drugs and prodrugs. Previously, we established the mechanisms of drug transport by hPEPT1. Here, we extend these studies to hPEPT2. Major variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and each was examined using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar); the beta-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefadroxil; and the anti-neoplastics delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) and bestatin induced inward currents, indicating that they are transported. Variations in transport rate were due to differences in affinity and in turnover rate: for example, cefadroxil was transported with higher apparent affinity but at a lower maximum velocity than Gly-Sar. Transport rates were highest at pH 5 and decreased significantly as the external pH was increased. Our results strongly suggest that the protein does not operate as a cotransporter in tissues where there is little or no pH gradient, such as choroid plexus, lung, or mammary gland. In the absence of substrates, rapid voltage jumps produced hPEPT2 capacitive currents at pH 7. These transients were significantly reduced at pH 5 but recovered on addition of substrates. The seven-state ordered kinetic model previously proposed for hPEPT1 accounts for the steady-state kinetics of neutral drug and dipeptide transport by hPEPT2. The model also explains the capacitive transients, the striking difference in pre-steady-state behavior between hPEPT2 and hPEPT1, and differences in turnover numbers for Gly-Sar and cefadroxil. No functional differences were found between the common variants hPEPT2*1 and hPEPT2*2.

Paper title : Identification of Drosophila Yin and PEPT2 as evolutionarily conserved phagosome-associated muramyl dipeptide transporters.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.115584

Abstract : NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2) is an important cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that activates NF-kappaB and other immune effector pathways such as autophagy and antigen presentation. Despite its intracellular localization, NOD2 participates in sensing of extracellular microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus. NOD2 ligands similar to the minimal synthetic ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) are generated by internalization and processing of bacteria in hydrolytic phagolysosomes. However, how these derived ligands exit this organelle and access the cytosol to activate NOD2 is poorly understood. Here, we address how phagosome-derived NOD2 ligands access the cytosol in human phagocytes. Drawing on data from Drosophila phagosomes, we identify an evolutionarily conserved role of SLC15A transporters, Drosophila Yin and PEPT2, as MDP transporters in fly and human phagocytes, respectively. We show that PEPT2 is highly expressed by human myeloid cells. Ectopic expression of both Yin and PEPT2 increases the sensitivity of NOD2-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Additionally, we show that PEPT2 associates with phagosome membranes. Together, these data identify Drosophila Yin and PEPT2 as evolutionarily conserved phagosome-associated transporters that are likely to be of particular importance in delivery of bacteria-derived ligands generated in phagosomes to cytosolic sensors recruited to the vicinity of these organelles.

Paper title : The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters PEPT2, PHT1 and PHT2 mediate the uptake of carnosine in glioblastoma cells.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02739-w

Abstract : The previous studies demonstrated that carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) inhibits the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Considering carnosine for the treatment of glioblastoma, we investigated which proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) are present in glioblastoma cells and how they contribute to the uptake of carnosine. Therefore, mRNA expression of the four known POTs (PEPT1, PEPT2, PHT1, and PHT2) was examined in three glioblastoma cell lines, ten primary tumor cell cultures, in freshly isolated tumor tissue and in healthy brain. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, the uptake of carnosine was investigated in the presence of competitive inhibitors and after siRNA-mediated knockdown of POTs. Whereas PEPT1 mRNA was not detected in any sample, expression of the three other transporters was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to healthy brain. In cell culture, PHT1 expression was comparable to expression in tumor tissue, PHT2 exhibited a slightly reduced expression, and PEPT2 expression was reduced to normal brain tissue levels. In the cell line LN405, the competitive inhibitors β-alanyl-L-alanine (inhibits all transporters) and L-histidine (inhibitor of PHT1/2) both inhibited the uptake of carnosine. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of PHT1 and PHT2 revealed a significantly reduced uptake of carnosine. Interestingly, despite its low expression at the level of mRNA, knockdown of PEPT2 also resulted in decreased uptake. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the transporters PEPT2, PHT1, and PHT2 are responsible for the uptake of carnosine into glioblastoma cells and full function of all three transporters is required for maximum uptake.

Paper title : The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04728

Abstract : After the completion of a draft human genome sequence, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium has proceeded to finish and annotate each of the 24 chromosomes comprising the human genome. Here we describe the sequencing and analysis of human chromosome 3, one of the largest human chromosomes. Chromosome 3 comprises just four contigs, one of which currently represents the longest unbroken stretch of finished DNA sequence known so far. The chromosome is remarkable in having the lowest rate of segmental duplication in the genome. It also includes a chemokine receptor gene cluster as well as numerous loci involved in multiple human cancers such as the gene encoding FHIT, which contains the most common constitutive fragile site in the genome, FRA3B. Using genomic sequence from chimpanzee and rhesus macaque, we were able to characterize the breakpoints defining a large pericentric inversion that occurred some time after the split of Homininae from Ponginae, and propose an evolutionary history of the inversion.

Paper title : Molecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(95)80036-f

Abstract : Mammalian kidney is known to express a transport system specific for small peptides and pharmacologically active aminocephalosporins. This system is energized by a transmembrane electrochemical H+ gradient. Recently, a H(+)-coupled peptide transporter has been cloned from rabbit and human intestine (Fei et al. (1994) Nature 368, 563-566; Liang et al., J. Biol. Chem., in press). Functional studies have established that the renal peptide transport system is similar but not identical to its intestinal counterpart. Therefore, in an attempt to isolate the renal H+/peptide cotransporter cDNA, we screened a human kidney cDNA library with a probe derived from the rabbit intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter cDNA. This has resulted in the isolation of a positive clone with a 2190 bp long open reading frame. The predicted protein consists of 729 amino acids. Hydropathy analysis of the amino acid sequence indicates the presence of twelve putative transmembrane domains. The primary structure of this protein exhibits 50% identity and 70% similarity to the human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Functional expression of the kidney cDNA in HeLa cells results in the induction of a H(+)-coupled transport system specific for small peptides and aminocephalosporins. Reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction demonstrates that the cloned transporter is expressed in human kidney but not in human intestine. This transporter, henceforth called PEPT 2, represents a new member in the growing family of H(+)-coupled transport systems in the mammalian plasma membrane.