Peptide name : Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain

Source/Organism : Chicken

Linear/Cyclic : Not found

Chirality : Not found

Peptide length: 284

C-terminal modification: Not found

N-terminal modification : Not found

Non-natural peptide information: None

Assay type : Endothelial Cell Binding assay

Assay time : 48h

Activity : IC50 : 155 ± 49 μM

Cell line : HUVEC

Cancer type : Prostate cancer

Other activity : Not found

Amino acid composition bar chart :

Molecular mass : 32765.2732 Dalton

Aliphatic index : 0.833

Instability index : 43.131

Hydrophobicity (GRAVY) : -1.060

Isoelectric point : 4.6965

Charge (pH 7) : -27.1926

Aromaticity : 0.024

Molar extinction coefficient (cysteine, cystine): (8940, 8940)

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio : 0.54347826

hydrophobic moment : -0.019

Missing amino acid : W,P

Most occurring amino acid : E

Most occurring amino acid frequency : 58

Least occurring amino acid : C

Least occurring amino acid frequency : 1

Secondary structure fraction (Helix, Turn, Sheet): (0.6, 0.1, 0.2)

SMILES Notation: CC[C@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]cn1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C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1 : Brown JH, et al. Deciphering the design of the tropomyosin molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98:8496-501. doi: 10.1073/pnas.131219198

2 : Janco M, et al. Polymorphism in tropomyosin structure and function. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2013; 34:177-87. doi: 10.1007/s10974-013-9353-x

3 : MacLeod AR. Distinct alpha-tropomyosin mRNA sequences in chicken skeletal muscle. Eur J Biochem. 1982; 126:293-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06778.x

4 : International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature. 2004; 432:695-716. doi: 10.1038/nature03154

5 : Lemonnier M, et al. The chicken gene encoding the alpha isoform of tropomyosin of fast-twitch muscle fibers: organization, expression and identification of the major proteins synthesized. Gene. 1991; 107:229-40. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90323-4

6 : Gooding C, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the fast-twitch isoform of chicken skeletal muscle alpha-tropomyosin. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987; 15:8105. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.19.8105

7 : Lemonnier M, et al. Chick alpha tropomyosin gene contains three sets of mutually exclusive alternatively spliced exons. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989; 17:5400. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.13.5400

8 : Doñate F, et al. Peptides derived from the histidine-proline domain of the histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein bind to tropomyosin and have antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Cancer Res. 2004; 64:5812-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0440

9 : Lau SY, et al. Amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard gamma-tropomyosin. J Biol Chem. 1985; 260:7257-63.

10 : Guan X, et al. Histidine-proline rich glycoprotein (HPRG) binds and transduces anti-angiogenic signals through cell surface tropomyosin on endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 2004; 92:403-12. doi: 10.1160/TH04-02-0073

Paper title : Deciphering the design of the tropomyosin molecule.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131219198

Abstract : The crystal structure at 2.0-A resolution of an 81-residue N-terminal fragment of muscle alpha-tropomyosin reveals a parallel two-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coil structure with a remarkable core. The high alanine content of the molecule is clustered into short regions where the local 2-fold symmetry is broken by a small (approximately 1.2-A) axial staggering of the helices. The joining of these regions with neighboring segments, where the helices are in axial register, gives rise to specific bends in the molecular axis. We observe such bends to be widely distributed in two-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coil proteins. This asymmetric design in a dimer of identical (or highly similar) sequences allows the tropomyosin molecule to adopt multiple bent conformations. The seven alanine clusters in the core of the complete molecule (which spans seven monomers of the actin helix) promote the semiflexible winding of the tropomyosin filament necessary for its regulatory role in muscle contraction.

Paper title : Polymorphism in tropomyosin structure and function.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-013-9353-x

Abstract : Tropomyosins (Tm) in humans are expressed from four distinct genes and by alternate splicing >40 different Tm polypeptide chains can be made. The functional Tm unit is a dimer of two parallel polypeptide chains and these can be assembled from identical (homodimer) or different (heterodimer) polypeptide chains provided both chains are of the same length. Since most cells express multiple isoforms of Tm, the number of different homo and heterodimers that can be assembled becomes very large. We review the mechanism of dimer assembly and how preferential assembly of some heterodimers is driven by thermodynamic stability. We examine how in vitro studies can reveal functional differences between Tm homo and heterodimers (stability, actin affinity, flexibility) and the implication for how there could be selection of Tm isomers in the assembly on to an actin filament. The role of Tm heterodimers becomes more complex when mutations in Tm are considered, such as those associated with cardiomyopathies, since mutations can appear in only one of the chains.

Paper title : Distinct alpha-tropomyosin mRNA sequences in chicken skeletal muscle.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06778.x

Abstract : Recombinant plasmids have been isolated which contain sequences complementary to two distinct alpha-tropomyosin mRNA species present in chicken leg muscle. The proteins coded for by these different mRNAs could be distinguished by their electrophoretic behaviour in the presence of 3.5 M urea. The properties of the minor alpha-tropomyosin of chicken leg muscle were similar to those reported for the alpha-tropomyosin of slow twitch chicken skeletal muscle. Sequence analysis of available plasmids showed that the deduced protein sequences of both types of alpha-tropomyosin were very similar and closely related to the known protein sequence of rabbit alpha-tropomyosin. However considerable variation in nucleotide coding sequence of the two alpha-tropomyosin mRNAs was found.

Paper title : Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03154

Abstract : We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.

Paper title : The chicken gene encoding the alpha isoform of tropomyosin of fast-twitch muscle fibers: organization, expression and identification of the major proteins synthesized.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(91)90323-4

Abstract : The chicken gene alpha fTM encoding the alpha-tropomyosin of fast-twitch muscle fibers (alpha fTM) covers 20 kb and consists of 15 exons. From this gene, three types of mature transcripts (1.3 kb, 2 kb and 2.8 kb) are expressed through the use of alternative promoters, alternatively spliced exons and multiple 3' end processing. Northern analysis and S1 mapping have shown that the 1.3-kb transcript (exons 1a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, 9a-9b) is expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscles and that 2-kb transcripts are expressed in smooth muscle (exons 1a, 2a, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, 9d) and in fibroblasts (exons 1a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6a or 6b, 7, 8, 9d). These 2-kb transcripts encode distinct proteins which we have identified by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. The 2.8-kb transcript which has not been so far characterized in birds is expressed in brain (exons 1b, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, 9c-9d). This transcript has been characterized by a cDNA polymerase chain reaction assay and by S1 nuclease mapping. It produces a major TM isoform of chick brain which we have identified by 2D gels.

Paper title : Complete nucleotide sequence of the fast-twitch isoform of chicken skeletal muscle alpha-tropomyosin.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.19.8105

Abstract : Not available

Paper title : Chick alpha tropomyosin gene contains three sets of mutually exclusive alternatively spliced exons.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.13.5400

Abstract : Not available

Paper title : Peptides derived from the histidine-proline domain of the histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein bind to tropomyosin and have antiangiogenic and antitumor activities.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0440

Abstract : The antiangiogenic activity of the multidomain plasma protein histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG) is localized to its histidine-proline-rich (H/P) domain and has recently been shown to be mediated, at least partially, through binding to cell-surface tropomyosin in fibroblast growth factor-2-activated endothelial cells (X. Guan et al., Thromb Haemost, in press). HPRG and its H/P domain, but not the other domains of HPRG, bind specifically and with high affinity to tropomyosin. In this study, we characterize the interaction of the H/P domain with tropomyosin and delineate the region within the H/P domain responsible for that interaction. The H/P domain of HPRG consists mostly of repetitions of the consensus sequence [H/P][H/P]PHG. Applying an in vitro tropomyosin binding assay, we demonstrate that the synthetic peptide HHPHG binds to tropomyosin in vitro and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. The affinity for tropomyosin increases exponentially upon multimerization of the HHPHG sequence, with a concurrent increase in antiangiogenic activity. Specifically, the tetramer (HHPHG)4 has significant antiangiogenic activity in the Matrigel plug model (IC50 approximately 600 nm) and antitumor effects in two syngeneic mouse tumor models. Thus, we show that a 16-mer peptide analogue mimics the antiangiogenic activity of intact HPRG and is also able to inhibit tumor growth, suggesting that cell surface tropomyosin may represent a novel antiangiogenic target for the treatment of cancer.

Paper title : Amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard gamma-tropomyosin.

Doi : https://doi.org/Not available

Abstract : Chicken gizzard muscle tropomyosin has been fractionated into its two major components, beta and gamma and the amino acid sequence of the gamma component established by the isolation and sequence analysis of fragments derived from cyanogen bromide cleavage and tryptic digestions. Despite its much slower mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels, it has the same polypeptide chain length (284 residues) as the alpha and beta components of rabbit skeletal muscle. Evidence for microheterogeneity of the chicken gizzard component was detected both on electrophoretic gels and in the sequence analysis. The gamma component is more closely related to rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin than to the beta component. While the protein is highly homologous to the rabbit skeletal tropomyosins, significant sequence differences are observed in two regions; between residues 42-83 and 258-284. In the latter region (COOH-terminal) the alterations in sequence are very similar to those seen in platelet tropomyosin when compared with the skeletal proteins.

Paper title : Histidine-proline rich glycoprotein (HPRG) binds and transduces anti-angiogenic signals through cell surface tropomyosin on endothelial cells.

Doi : https://doi.org/10.1160/TH04-02-0073

Abstract : The anti-angiogenic properties of the histidine-proline-rich (H/P) domain of HPRG have recently been described (Juarez JC, et al. Cancer Research 2002; 62: 5344-50). However, the binding site that mediates these properties is unknown. HPRG is evolutionarily, functionally and structurally related to cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (HKa), an anti-angiogenic polypeptide that stimulates apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells through binding to cell-surface tropomyosin (Zhang J-C, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 12224-9). In this study, we demonstrate that HPRG binds with high affinity to FGF-2-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and immobilized tropomyosin in a Zn2+ or pH-dependent manner, and that this interaction is mediated by the H/P domain of HPRG. At least two binding sites for HPRG, tropomyosin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPs), were identified on the surface of FGF-2-activated endothelial cells. Translocation of tropomyosin to the surface of HUVEC occurred in response to FGF-2, and the anti-angiogenic activity of HPRG in a Matrigel plug model was partially inhibited by soluble tropomyosin. These results suggest that HPRG binds to endothelial cell surface tropomyosin which at least partially mediates the antiangiogenic effects of HPRG.